Ebören Constructed Language



Ebören is a conlang: a constructed language, which isn't actually spoken by real people anywhere. Except maybe you! If you want to speak a language nobody else speaks, you could learn Ebören. Sure wouldn't hurt. Or use it in a book/TV show/other media like Klingon or Dothraki. Hopefully not quite as nerdy as Klingon.


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  1. Overview
  2. Spelling and Pronunciation
  3. Grammar Overview
  4. Verb Suffixes
Let's be clear: when it comes to languages, you know how it works, or you don't. You either copy things, or learn the rules and apply them in a thousand cases. Anyone who's ever tried to learn a foreign language has nonstop wondered things like "What's a subjunctive?" "How do I roll the r?" "Why does Chinese have three different ways of pronouncing 'sh'?" I can tell you: there's a very simple way to answer all of those and become an expert at languages. Unfortunately, it's very unpopular, and tends to be very high effort, high reward, and only makes a substantial difference if you want to learn more than one or two languages, or if you want to learn a really crazy, unique language that makes no sense to English speakers. (Or whatever you speak, if not English.) Instead of just seeing something and trying to copy it, you can learn the underlying method to the madness: you can study linguistics, which is actually much easier than it sounds (but still time-consuming). Because nobody wants to do that, there are two different ways of explaining things here, which I've placed in different fonts for easy reading. There's a technical explanation for linguists, which is the "correct" version, the most concise, and if you understand it at all, the most straightforward. You can also Google it. For the uninitiated, there's a (hopefully) simple description of how to understand what's being said. That said, let's jump into pronunciation, starting with, how the hell do you pronounce an o with two dots on it?

Ebören front vowels: /a ɛ œ i y/ written as <ä e ö i ü>
Ebören back vowels: /ɑ ɤ ɔ ʊ u/ written as <a ê o î u>


There are ten vowels in Ebören. Unlike in English, which lumps the a in cat, father, and fail into a single letter, each sound gets its own letter. There are only five vowel letters, hence the marks on top. Five of them are in English, and five aren't. The five easy ones are a, e, i, o, and u, pronounced as in "far", "bed", "see", "caught"*, and "pool".
*Some dialects of English pronounce "caught" with the first vowel in father. If you're unsure how to say it, use an exaggerated British accent. For a perfect pronunciation, it's a rounded (see below) variant of the u in "but".

The other five vowels are a little harder - the ones with those pesky symbols on top, ä, ê, î, ö, and ü. To tackle those ones, we need to take a slight detour into the concept of vowel rounding. Say "ooh", and feel how your lips come together. That's rounding. Now without moving your lips, keeping them like you're going to say "ooh", say "ee". It comes out like a slurred "ew", which is how you pronounce ü. That's the sound you hear in the German für or the French tu. Now you can pronounce ö: it's the same as e, but rounded. Now we have to think about the opposite: taking rounded vowels, and unrounding them.

For ê, we're going to unround an English vowel. Say "ee" and keep your lips like that. Then say "oh". It sounds extremely weird; if it doesn't, you're saying it wrong. For î, say the "oo" in "book". That just leaves ä. This is a little trickier. It's not just a rounding difference; you say the a in "cat", but push your tongue lower. It's tricky. It's the a sound in Italian, Spanish, German, Russian, Polish, and some other things; really, unless you can find someone who speaks one of those to teach you, the easiest thing to do is just use the a in "cat"; it's not exactly right, but very close.

The average person might be wondering, why make the vowels so hard to pronounce? The answer is, they're only hard because they're unfamiliar. To a Spaniard, a rolled r is the easiest thing in the world, but to an American, it's impossible. If the vowels were all like English, Ebören would stop being its own language. The entire point of having another language is because it's different. It's not a bug, it's a feature.


Then there are consonants. I'll just throw out their technical names now and get them out of the way:
Stops: /p b t d k g/ written <p b t d k g>
Fricatives: /f v s z ʒ h/ written as <f v s z j h>
Nasals: /m n ŋ/ written as <m n ň>
Approximants: /w l j/ written as <w r l y>
Trills: /r/ written as <r>

The consonants are easier than the vowels. The letters p, b, t, d, k, g, f, v, s, z, h, m, n, w, l, and y are pronounced exactly as in English, except g is always hard (in the spelling sense), and s doesn't turn into z like in "beaches". R is a rolled r like in the Spanish carro, but a tap like in caro is also fine. If you're not sure how to tap the r, it's like an ultra-short d; you just flick your tongue so fast you don't consciously control exactly where it is, like throwing something instead of carrying it. The trill can be a little more emphatic, and it's more common between two vowels. J is the s in measure, or like in French "je". Ň is the ng in "sing", but it can come at the beginning of a word, like in the name "Nguyen". And that's that. Congratulations, you can now pronounce Ebören like a native. Notice it's phenomenally simple compared to English. It's such a cliché to use the "ghoti" example, so I'll point out how in English, on the basis of "ocean", "bough", and "colonel", "shower" could be spelled "ceougholo". Being different than English can be a good thing.

That said, despite being mostly predictable, if every letter is always pronounced the same, it becomes impossible to pronounce at all. B says "buh". Butter. Bump. Battle. Or not. It says "buh" in butter, but nobody pronounces "cab" as "cabbuh". That's one of those things that you'd get right away if you heard it but looks funny in writing. When you say "cab", you close your mouth to say "b", but then you never open it again. There are lots of little things like that in every language to make it flow more naturally. As above, I'll list it technically first and then add a more intelligible explanation.

Aspiration: Stops are aspirated word-initially or intervocallically, but nowhere else.
Spirantization: intervocalic /b, d, g/ become [β, ð, ɣ]
R: /r/ is used intervocalically, [ɾ] consonant-adjacent
Before r, alveolar stops become dental
Approximants: following front rounded vowels, /w/ becomes [ɹ̠] and following /i, y/ /j/ becomes [ʝ]
/y/ before non-alveolar or non-bilablal (distinct from labiodental) consonants becomes [ʏ]
/ɤ/ in unstressed syllables reduces to [ə]

The simplest exception is that between vowels, d becomes a hard th. B between vowels becomes sort of like v, but for v, you put your lip against your top teeth. Instead, you want to put it against your upper lip. For g between vowels, you need to understand voicing. Alternate between saying s and z. Your tongue doesn't move, but you hum while you're saying z, and you can sing a note on it. That's voicing. If you can say the German hard ch, voice it and then make it slightly gentler. If you speak Spanish, this is the same as g between two vowels, like in agua. It's a g sound, but dragged out and continuous instead of a single punctuated stop. So "ba" is pronounced "bah", but "aba" uses something somewhere between a v and a w.

After ö, o, ü, and u, w turns into the English r sound. So aw is pronounced like "Klaus", but "uw" is pronounced "cure" without the y-sound: "oor". After i and ü, y turns into a kind of y-sounding j. In your mouth, the place where you say it is located almost exactly between the j and the between-vowel g. If you can't say that, make it a j (the Ebören j, not the English j). So "iy" turns into something close to "ij"./

Ê turns into the e in "item" in unstressed syllables (see below).

You also need to know stress, which is very simple: you emphasize alternating syllables, beginning with the first. In English, that stress exists on the word "watermelon": "WAH ter MEL on". Poetry is very big on stress rules, which give a piece a strong rhythm. Apply this to every word without exception.

Words

Now we get to the part where Ebören really starts to show as an actual functional language. Spelling is fine, but pronouncing the letter ê on its own doesn't really communicate anything. Before we can tackle grammar, there's something very important to make clear as air. Historical linguists will hate me here, but let's be blunt: English is a creole. A creole of the most mismatched languages on Earth: German, French, Greek, and Norwegian. German as the base, French from the English aristocracy, Greek from Renaissance scientists who tried to turn English into Greek and Latin, and Norwegian (technically Old Norse) from the Vikings. Creoles have to be created at a specific time, from a specific mixing of people, and English was created gradually, but functionally, English does not behave like a language of its own. One consequence of that is that there is practically no grammar. You'll say, "That's not true! We have the past tense, the present tense, auxiliary verbs, and something else I can't remember the name of!" Yes, we have all of that. English verbs usually have three to five forms. Spanish verbs usually have three to five hundred forms. Yes, that is a tiny bit excessive, but even thirty or forty is perfectly normal in most languages.

So, there will be significantly more grammar than English, but also the grammar is much more understandable. In English, we say "sing", "sang", and "sung", but "jump" and "jumped". In Ebören it's more like "singed". Which because there's no soft g doesn't get confused with the past tense of "singe". Nouns, like in English, don't take much of what is called inflection: the adding of prefixes or suffixes. You don't need to memorize "rosa, rosae, rosae, rosam, rosā, rosae, rosōrum, rosīs, rosās, rosīs". Verbs do inflect, but more simply than in some languages.

Have you ever tried to learn Spanish and gotten stuck with "hablo" versus "hablamos"? What about "olvides" versus "olvidó"? For reference here's a chart to convey some of the scale of Spanish verb inflection.

And you have to memorize all of those individually!

Ebören is a highly agglutinative language
If you actually stopped to read all of those (who am I kidding, of course you didn't read all of it) something might have occurred to you: what if instead of each of these conjugations having its own verb form, each category took a separate suffix? One for tense, one for subjunctive, etc. This is what's called an agglutinative system, and it's employed by languages like Finnish and Turkish. It is also used by Ebören. So if you have say five tenses, five moods, two aspects, and six persons (more on what that actually means below), in Spanish you would have 5x5x2x6=300 forms, but in Ebören you would have 5+5+2+6=18 forms. Clearly one is much more manageable.

I promise, we'll start using real words in just a moment, but first you need to understand something: language affects thought. You can probably understand anything as a human, but it's much easier to understand something if there's a word for it. Is it easier to remember "flat rectangle which displays images, text, and visual information electronically" or "computer screen"? So Ebören has words for some things we lack in English. The most obvious one is verb tense. In English, something happened, or it is happening. In Ebören it didn't just happen, it either happened recently or it happened a long time ago, and those are as different as past and present tense in English. If near past is yesterday, remote past could be last week; if near past is the dinosaurs, remote past could be the creation of the Universe. It's subjective, and very context-dependent, but it can also make it easier to manage thinking about time, which many languages don't address as comprehensively as space. (For example, "long" means "covering a large distance", but we call it "a long meeting", describing time in terms of space.)

All right, we can finally start making some sentences! In Ebören, you have a few words to keep track of in a sentence: the verb (what happens), the subject (who does it), the object (who they do it to), and sometimes an indirect object ("I gave the book to her" has "her" as the indirect and "book" as the direct object.). In English, we usually explain which is which by using a subject-verb-object-indirect sentence structure: "I gave the book to her", and not "her to the book gave I".
Ebören uses a SOVI word order and is strongly head-final.
In Ebören, you use subject-object-verb-indirect, which looks like "I the book gave to her." Although that sounds weird, it's actually the most common one worldwide, with over fifty percent of languages working this way.

DON'T PANIC! We'll use the example word "hoňjunasmêkî", which means "Did I give it to you?" And yes, that's all one word. One sentence compressed into a word. First, if you're comfortable with a technical breakdown:
hoň.j.nu.a.smê.kî
give-1SG>3OBV.2DAT.PST.INTERR

Let's break it down piece by piece. The basic verb is "hoňjêz", meaning "to give". This is an infinitive, which is English is always a verb preceded by "to". This is a good point to mention vowel harmony. Above, we mentioned vowels and how to articulate them.
Ebören uses a front-back vowel harnmony system across whole words.
In Ebören, there are some vowels you pronounce in the front of the mouth: ä, e, ö, i, and ü. These are in the back of the mouth: a, ê, o, u, and î. Some languages, Ebören included, like words to have only front vowels or only back vowels, to make them easier to pronounce: you don't have to move your tongue as far. In "hoňjêz", "-jêz" makes it the infinitive like "-ar" in "hlablar" or "-en" in "bedeuten", but if it were "höňjêz", the infinitive would use "-jez" for vowel harmony.

Person: Who made it happen to whom?

Ebören uses a polypersonal agreement system applying to the subject, object, and indirect object in that order.
The next important thing is, how on Earth does the verb fit "I", "it", and "you" all into the same word? Well, in English "gives" implies a third-person subject. You can say "he gives", but never "you gives". In some languages you could drop the subject and say "gives" on its own. In English we don't like to do that because there's no provision for subject marking outside of the third-person singular, but in Spanish "hablo" means "I speak" and "hablas" means "you speak". Both of those could be a single sentence on their own—just fairly short ones.* But in both cases, the verb only agrees with the subject. In European languages it typically doesn't agree with the object. However, it does so in Georgian (the Caucasian country, not the State of America) and an obscure language called Basque spoken in the French Pyrenees (I know I said no European languages, and Basque is technically European; I mean Indo-European languages, which include the most famous ones like Italian, German, etc. and share a common ancestor five thousand years ago just how Spanish and French share the common ancestor of Latin. It's slightly complicated, but the main European exceptions are Basque, Finnish, Hungarian, Maltese, and Turkish (if you count Turkish as European to begin with). The practical upshot of that is that while Indo-European languages are roughly similar to each other (think "mother", "mater", "mutter", and "madre"), non-Indo-European languages tend to be wildly different (giving us "ama", "äiti", "anya", "omm", and "anne" for "mother"). For example, Finnish doesn't distinguish subject and object the same way most IE languages do; Turkish requires every sentence not just to be stated, but for the speaker to state how they know it to be true. The subject is terribly interesting if you're into history, even if you don't specialize in languages, and I may at some point write up a list detailing all the major branches and changes since all the Indo-European languages diverged.). The function of person is to mark relevance to the conversation: first-person is who's speaking (me), second-person is who's being spoken to (you), and third-person is who's being spoken about (her).
*Yes, I used the em dash. No, I'm not AI.

In the example hoňjuansmêkî, the j indicates a first-person subject, i.e. the person speaking or "I". The un indicates a third-person object. It could mean "him" or "her" but it doesn't make much sense to give "him" to somebody, so "it" is a much more natural reading. And finally the a indicates a second-person indirect object: "to you". This might just seem like chopping up words and sticking them inside each other, but there's a subtle advantage to marking on the verb how relevant the noun is to the people speaking: you can still have the noun explicitly marked elsewhere! The "it" above is actually what's termed an "obviative" third person: it's not immediately relevant. The proximate is nearby, say, in this room, and the obviative is, say, down the street in the neighbor's house. It's similar to the remote versus near past tenses. If I explicitly say "the book" as the object, the fact that it's obviative can clarify whether it's this book or that one. Furthermore, and even among languages that do this this is a fairly unusual detail, you can have explicit nouns in place of first- and second-person pronouns. If the verb says that I'm the one who did it, I can have the explicit subject of the sentence be something like "the president" and mean "I, acting in the capacity of president, have...." In Ebören, you always agree with nouns in the order of subject, object, indirect object, like they appear in the sentence. There are twelve suffixes to remember: four persons for the subject (given proximate and obviative as distinct persons), four for the object, and four for the indirect object. This is one of the few cases of Ebören being fusional rather than agglutinative (a purely agglutinative system would mark each personal suffix whether it described the subject, object, or indirect object, which aligns with Ebören's goals of complete transparency and simplicity; however, since this involves adding suffixes to suffixes, I think you'll agree that's going a bit far.). Unlike in English and Spanish, where "he goes" but "they go" and I "hablo" but we "hablamos", only person is marked on the verb, not number. "I" and "we" are both first person, but confusingly, English has no plural marker in the second person: "you" may be one person or many.

Tense: When did it happen?

Ebören uses past, present, and future tenses, distinguishing near and remote past and future. The suffixes for these tenses are: -jnu/-jnü (remote past) -smê-sme (near past), - (present, unmarked), -sa/-sä (near future), and -mo/-mö (remote future).
Tense is very simple; near versus remote was covered above under how language affects thought. The suffixes are -jnu/-jnü (remote past) -smê-sme (near past), - (present, unmarked), -sa/-sä (near future), and -mo/-mö (remote future). The only thing to be aware of is that like in English "I go", the present can be present, but more often it means a generic action at no specific time (e.g. "I go there every day"). You'll ask, what about "going"? Well, that isn't strictly speaking a tense; it's an aspect, which we'll look at now.

Aspect: How did it happen?

Example in English

In Ebören, verb aspect is expressed with a compound tense formed with the verb to be, "kejez". "Kejez" takes all the verbal inflection such as personal agreement, tense, mood, etc. and the verb itself takes a tense marker which indicates aspect: remote past indicates perfect aspect, near past cessative, present progressive/imperfect, near future, inceptive, and remote future prospective.
A lot of people think -ing makes a verb present tense. In fact, it actually makes it the progressive aspect. "I was going" uses -ing, but it's still past tense. Adding -ing to a verb means that it has no fixed start and end, or that it doesn't happen at an instant in time. "I went" implies that you went all at once; "I was going" implies that you'll say something like "While I was going, so-and-so happened...." and for the entire event described, you had started to go but hadn't finished. This is called the progressive aspect, or sometimes imperfect (especially in Spanish).

If tense on a verb tells you when it happened, you could say aspect varies it slightly around that point in time. Technically, it's how an event is distributed in time, whether it's happening, it's already happened, it's about to happen, or whether it just happens and no further detail is required (this last is called a simple tense and corresponds to "I went", "I go", and "I will go".).

In Ebören, there are six aspects. The simple aspect, which happens more or less when the tense says it does, is just the basic tense marker. For the others, there's a breakdown below. But first, how do actually say which aspect you mean? Well, you preface the verb with "to be", which is "kejez", and you shift all the information onto that (person, tense, etc.). Then you follow that with the verb itself. It has no suffixes except a "carrier tense": it looks like it's marking a tense, but in this case the tense actually describes an aspect. In this list each aspect is listed with its carrier tense.

One important thing to keep in mind: terminology varies across languages. The same name in Spanish and Ebören don't necessarily mean the same thing. The names are consistent within a language, but if you learn the Ebören aspects, don't be confused if you try to learn aspect in a different language and it makes no sense. For example, in Spanish perfect and cessative are not distinguished, perfect is split into multiple aspects, and there's no equivalent of the inceptive or prospective at all. (For what the heck all those words really mean see list below.) This isn't just Ebören being weird; English versus Spanish commonly use different terminology as well.

If you're wondering why I keep using Spanish as an example for aspect, there are a few reasons. Part of it is that Spanish uses aspects fairly frequently, and part of it is just that I'm semi-familiar with Spanish. Although it might be more accurate to use Finnish, because Finnish aspect works similarly to Ebören aspect, I don't because Finnish has only two aspects and Ebören has six. Still, it might be useful to see an example instead of abstract descriptions, so I'll try it: in Finnish, "minä puhun" means I speak, or I am speaking, and "minä puhin" means "I spoke". "Minä olen" means "I am". So "minä olen puhunut" means "I have spoken" and "minä olin puhunut" means "I had spoken". The suffix -nut in this case isn't a tense marker, but it turns the verb into a participle. In Ebören you would replace it with a tense (specifically the remote past, if you were trying to make it perfect aspect as in this example).

Mood: Did it happen?

Ebören uses three moods: indicative, subjunctive, and conditional. The indicative is unmarked, and following tense a suffix can denote subjunctive (-ň) or conditional (-s).
If everything up to now is describing what it is you're saying happens, mood explains whether it really does happen for real. The indicative mood confirms that it does; it is no marked with a suffix: if there is no reason to believe otherwise, assume every verb is indicative. The conditional says it happens if some condition is met: not "I will go", but "I would go". The conditional in English is falling out of use; one of the few ways it shows up explicitly is in "I were" (that is, "If I were, then....") as opposed to "I was". The subjunctive says that the event is not necessarily real—maybe you hope something happens, or you think it does, or you heard a rumor about it, but that doesn't make it true. Notice none of these explicitly deny that something happened; for that, you use the indicative prefaced with "fno", meaning "not". To mark a mood on the verb, after the tense suffix (or for present, which takes no suffix, after the personal agreement) add the suffix -ň for subjunctive or -s for conditional.

Although it's not technically a mood, I lump in the interrogative with mood because it literally asks, "Did this happen?" At the end of a verb, after every suffix, adding -kî turns the whole statement into a yes/no question, "Is what I'm saying accurate?" And it can go with any mood, not just the indicative (e.g. "Would this be the case?").